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The history of video games goes as far back as the early s, when academic computer scientists began designing simple games and simulations as part of their research. Video gaming did not reach mainstream popularity until the s and s, when video arcade games and gaming consoles using joysticksbuttons, and other controllers, along with graphics on computer screens and home computer games were introduced to the general public.

Since the s, video gaming has become a popular form of entertainment and a part of modern popular culture in most parts of the world. One of the early games was Spacewar! Early arcade video games developed from to During the s, the first generation of home consoles emerged, including the popular game Pong and various "clones".

The s was also the era of mainframe computer games. The golden age of arcade video games was from to Video arcades with large, graphics-decorated coin-operated machines were common at malls and popular, affordable home consoles such as the Atari and Intellivision enabled people to play games on their home TVs.

During the s, gaming computers, early online gaming and handheld LCD games emerged; this era was affected by the video game crash of From tothe second generation of video consoles emerged. The third generation of consoles, which were 8-bit units, emerged from to The fourth generation of consoles, which were bit models, emerged from to The s saw the resurgence and decline of arcades, the transition to 3D video games, improved handheld games, and PC gaming.

The fifth generation of consoles, which were 32 and bit units, was from to During this era, mobile phone gaming emerged. During the s, the sixth generation of consoles emerged — During this period, online gaming and mobile games became important. The seventh generation of consoles was from to This era was marked by huge development budgets for some games, with some having cinematic graphics; the launch of the top-selling Wii console, in which the user could control the game actions with real-life movement of the controller; the rise of casual PC games marketed to non-gamers [ citation needed ] ; and the emergence of cloud computing in video games.

Inthe eighth generation of consoles emerged, including Nintendo 's Wii U and Nintendo 3DSMicrosoft 's Xbox Oneand Sony 's PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. PC gaming has been holding a large market share in Asia and Europe for decades and continues to grow due to digital distribution. Since the development and widespread consumer use of smartphonesmobile gaming has been a driving factor for games, as they can reach people formerly uninterested in gaming, and those unable to afford or support dedicated hardware, such as video game consoles.

The term video game has evolved over the decades from a purely technical definition to a general concept defining a new class of interactive entertainment.

Technically, for a product to be a video game, there must be a video signal transmitted to a cathode ray tube CRT that creates a rasterized image on a screen.

Today, however, the term "video game" has completely shed its purely technical definition and encompasses a wider range of technology. While still rather ill-defined, the term "video game" now generally encompasses any game played on hardware built with electronic logic circuits that incorporates an element of interactivity and outputs the results of the player's actions to a display.

The first electronic digital computers, Colossus and ENIACwere built during World War II to aid the Allied war effort against the Axis powers. The computer games of the s can generally be divided into three categories: Because these games were largely developed on unique hardware in a time when porting between systems was difficult and were often dismantled or discarded after serving their limited purposes, they did not generally influence further developments in the industry.

The earliest known written computer game was a chess simulation developed by Alan Turing and David Champernowne called Turochampwhich was completed in but never actually implemented on a computer.

The earliest known computer games actually implemented were two custom built machines called Bertie the Brain and Nimrodwhich played tic-tac-toe and the game of Nimrespectively.

Bertie the Braindesigned and built by Josef Kates at Rogers Majestic, was displayed at the Canadian National Exhibition in[9] while Nimrod, conceived by John Bennett at Ferranti and built by Raymond Stuart-Williams, was displayed at the Festival of Britain and the Berlin Industrial Show in The first known game incorporating graphics that updated in real time was a pool game programmed by William Brown and Ted Lewis specifically for a demonstration of the MIDSAC computer at the University of Michigan in Perhaps the first game created solely for entertainment rather than to demonstrate the power of some technology, train personnel, or aid in research was Tennis for Twodesigned by William Higinbotham and built by Robert Dvorak at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Designed to entertain the general public at Brookhaven's annual series of open houses, the game was deployed on an analog computer with graphics displayed on an oscilloscope and was dismantled in Higinbotham never considered adapting the successful game into a commercial product, which would have been impractical with the technology of the time.

Ultimately, the widespread adoption of computers to play games would have to wait for the machines to spread from serious academics to their students on U.

The mainframe computers of the s were generally batch processing machines of limited speed and memory. This made them generally unsuited for games. Furthermore, they were costly and relatively scarce commodities, so computer time was a precious resource that could not be wasted on frivolous pursuits like entertainment. At the Lincoln Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIThowever, a team led by Jay Forrester developed a computer called Whirlwind in the early s that processed commands in real time and incorporated a faster and more reliable form of random access memory RAM based around magnetic cores.

Based on this work, two employees at the lab named Ken Olsen and Wes Clark developed a prototype real time computer called the TX-0 that incorporated the recently invented transistorwhich ultimately allowed the size and cost of computers to be significantly reduced.

Olsen subsequently established the Digital Equipment Corporation DEC with Harlan Anderson in and developed a commercial update of the TX-0 called the PDP Lincoln Laboratory donated the TX-0 to MIT in As the computer operated in real time and thus allowed for interactive programming, MIT allowed students to program the computer to conduct their own research, perhaps the first time that university students were allowed to directly access a computer for their own work.

Further, the university decided to allow students to set the computer to tasks outside the bounds of classwork or faculty research during periods of time no one was signed up to do official work. This resulted in a community of undergraduate students led by Bob Saunders, Peter Samsonand Alan Kotokmany of them affiliated with the Tech Model Railroad Clubconducting their own experiments on the computer. InMIT received one of the first PDP-1 computers, which incorporated a relatively sophisticated point-plotting monitor.

MIT provided a similar level of access to the computer for students as it did for the TX-0, resulting in the creation of the first relatively widespread, and thus influential, computer game, Spacewar! Conceived by Steve RussellMartin Graetz, and Wayne Wiitanen in and programmed primarily by Russell, Saunders, Graetz, Samson, and Dan Edwards in the first half ofSpacewar!

Smith and depicted a duel between two spaceships, each controlled by a player using a custom built control box. Immensely popular among students at MIT, Spacewar! The program subsequently migrated to other locations around the country through the efforts of both former MIT students and DEC itself, more so after cathode ray tube CRT terminals started becoming more common at the end of the s.

As computing resources continued to expand over the remainder of the decade through the adoption of time sharing and the development of simpler high-level programming languages like BASICan increasing number of college students began programming and sharing simple sports, puzzle, card, logic, and board games as the decade progressed.

These creations remained trapped in computer labs for the remainder of the decade, however, because even though some adherents of Spacewar! As computers and their components continued to fall in price, however, the dream of a commercial video game finally became attainable at the start of the s. While still far too costly for the home, these advances lowered the cost of computing enough that it could be seriously considered for the coin-operated games industry, which at the time was experiencing its own technological renaissance as large electro-mechanical target shooting and driving games like Sega Enterprises 's Periscope and Chicago Coin 's Speedway pioneered the adoption of elaborate visual displays and electronic sound effects in the amusement arcade.

Consequently, when a recent engineering graduate from Utah with experience running coin-operated equipment named Nolan Bushnell first saw Spacewar!

Enlisting the aid of an older and more experienced engineer named Ted DabneyBushnell built a variant of the game called Computer Space in which a single player-controlled spaceship dueled two hardware-controlled flying saucers. Released in late November or early December through Nutting Associatesthe game failed to have much impact in the coin-operated marketplace. Meanwhile, Ralph Baeran engineer with a degree in television engineering working for defense contractor Sanders Associateshad been working on a video game system that could be plugged into a standard television set since Working primarily with technician Bill Harrison, who built most of the actual hardware, Baer developed a series of prototype systems between and based around diode—transistor logic DTL circuits that would send a video signal to a television set to generate spots on the screen that could be controlled by the players.

Originally able to generate only two spots, the system was modified in November at the suggestion of engineer Bill Rusch to generate a third spot for use in a table tennis game in which each player controlled a single spot that served as a paddle and volleyed the third spot, which acted as a ball.

InSanders concluded a licensing agreement with television company Magnavox to release the system, which reached the market in September as the Magnavox Odyssey.

The system launched with a dozen games included in the box, four more sold with a separate light gunand six games sold separately, most of which were chase, racing, target shooting, or sports games. These games were activated using plug-in circuit cards that defined how the spots generated by the hardware would behave. Due to the limited abilities of the system, which could only render three spots and a line, most of the graphic and gameplay elements were actually defined by plastic overlays attached to the TV set along with accessories like boards, cards, and dice.

Like Computer Space the Odyssey only performed modestly and failed to jump start a new industry. However, the system did directly influence the birth of a vibrant video arcade game industry after Ralph Baer's design ingenuity intersected Nolan Bushnell's entrepreneurial ambition. InNolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney decided to strike out on their own and incorporated their preexisting partnership as Atari.

After seeing a demonstration of the Magnavox Odyssey ahead of its release, Bushnell charged new hire Allan Alcorn to create a version of that system's table tennis game as a practice project to familiarize himself with video game design. Alcorn's version ended up being so fun that Atari decided to release it as Pong. Available in limited quantities in latePong began reaching the market in quantity in Marchafter which it ignited a new craze for ball-and-paddle video games in the coin-operated amusement industry.

The success of Pong did not result in the displacement of traditional arcade amusements like pinballbut did lay the foundation for a successful video arcade game industry. Roughly 70, video games, mostly ball-and-paddle variants, were sold in by a combination of recent startups like Atari, Ramtek, and Allied Leisure and established Chicago firms like WilliamsChicago Coin, and the Midway subsidiary of Bally Manufacturing.

The video arcade game market remained in a state of flux for the remainder of the decade. The ball-and-paddle market collapsed in due to market saturation, which led to a significant drop in video game sales. Smaller manufacturers attempted to compensate by creating "cocktail table" cabinets for sale to non-traditional venues like higher class restaurants and lounges, but this market failed to fully develop.

Larger companies like Atari and Midway turned to new genres to remain successful, especially racing games, one-on-one dueling games, and target shooting games. Early hits in these genres included Gran Trak 10 and Tank from Atari, and WheelsGun Fightand Sea Wolf from Midway. Wheels and Gun Fight were licensed versions of Speed Race and Western Gun developed by the Taito Trading Company of Japan, marking the start of Japanese video game penetration into the United States.

Gun Fight was also one of the first arcade games to incorporate a microprocessorstarting a shift away from video arcade games engineered using dedicated TTL hardware to video games programmed in software. The video game was one of several concepts that helped to reform the image of the arcade as a seedy hangout for delinquents.

This in turn aided the growth of arcades in suburban shopping malls. The principle pioneer of the shopping mall arcade was Jules Millman, who established an arcade in a shopping mall in Harvey, Illinois, in By banning eating, drinking, and smoking, and maintaining a full staff at all times to keep an eye on the facilities, Millman created a safe environment where parents could feel safe leaving their older children while browsing other stores in the mall.

Millman founded American Amusements to establish more shopping mall arcades, which was purchased by Bally in and renamed Aladdin's Castle. Other entrepreneur's imitated Millman's format, and arcades became a mainstay of the shopping mall by the end of the decade.

The emergence of solid state pinball in the late s, in which electro-mechanical technologies like relays were replaced by the newly emerging microprocessor, temporarily stole the limelight from video games, which once again entered a period of decline in and While individual games like Atari's Breakout and Cinematronics ' Space Wars sold in large numbers during this period, overall profitability began to lag.

The market surged once again, however, after the introduction of the Taito game Space Invaders by Midway in The Magnavox Odyssey never caught on with the public, due largely to the limited functionality of its primitive technology. By the middle of the s, however, the ball-and-paddle craze in the arcade had ignited public interest in video games and continuing advances in integrated circuits had resulted in large-scale integration LSI microchips cheap enough to be incorporated into a consumer product.

InMagnavox reduced the part count of the Odyssey using a three-chip set created by Texas Instruments and released two new systems that only played ball-and-paddle games, the Odyssey and Odyssey Atari, meanwhile, entered the consumer market that same year with the single-chip Home Pong system designed by Harold Lee. The next year, General Instrument released a "Pong-on-a-chip" LSI and made it available at a low price to any interested company.

Toy company Coleco Industries used this chip to create the million-selling Telstar console model series —77while dozens of other companies released models as well. Overall, sales of dedicated ball-and-paddle systems in the U. A similar boom hit the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, with much of the market supplied by clone manufacturers in Hong Kong. Afterthe dedicated console market in the United States collapsed. A new wave of programmable systems hit the market starting with the Fairchild Channel F in that offered the possibility of purchasing and playing a wider variety of games stored on cartridges containing mask ROM that could be plugged directly into the CPU of the console.

As older model dedicated consoles were heavily discounted and consumers with more purchasing power transitioned to the new programmable systems, newer dedicated systems with more advanced features like Video Pinball from Atari and the Odyssey were squeezed out by their lower priced predecessors and their more sophisticated programmable replacements. This caused a brief dip in the market and the exit of industry leader Coleco, which failed to transition to programmable hardware. Fairchild remained in the new programmable market alongside Atari and Magnavox, which released the VCS and Odyssey 2 respectively.

In the s, a number of computer games were created for mainframe and minicomputer systems, but these failed to achieve wide distribution due to the continuing scarcity of computer resources, a lack of sufficiently trained programmers interested in crafting entertainment products, and the difficulty in transferring programs between computers in different geographic areas.

By the end of the s, however, the situation had changed drastically. The BASIC and C high-level programming languages were widely adopted during the decade, which were more accessible than earlier more technical languages such as FORTRAN and COBOLopening up computer game creation to a larger base of users.

With the advent of time-sharingwhich allowed the resources of a single mainframe to be parceled out among multiple users connected to the machine by terminals, computer access was no longer limited to a handful of individuals at an institution, creating more opportunities for students to create their own games.

Furthermore, the widespread adoption of the PDPreleased by Digital Equipment Corporation DEC inand the portable UNIX operating systemdeveloped at Bell Labs in and released generally increated common programming environments across the country that reduced the difficulty of sharing programs between institutions.

Finally, the founding of the first magazines dedicated to computing like Creative Computingthe publication of the earliest program compilation books like BASIC Computer Gamesand the spread of wide-area networks such as the ARPANET allowed programs to be shared more easily across great distances. As a result, many of the mainframe games created by college students in the s influenced subsequent developments in the video game industry in ways that, Spacewar!

In the arcade and on home consoles, fast-paced action and real-time gameplay were the norm in genres like racing and target shooting.

On the mainframe, however, such games were generally not possible due both to the lack of adequate displays many computer terminals continued to rely on teletypes rather than monitors well into the s and even most CRT terminals could only render character-based graphics and insufficient processing power and memory to update game elements in real time.

While s mainframes were more powerful than arcade and console hardware of the period, the need to parcel out computing resources to dozens of simultaneous users via time-sharing significantly hampered their abilities.

Thus, programmers of mainframe games focused on strategy and puzzle-solving mechanics over pure action. Notable games of the period include the tactical combat game Star Trek by Mike Mayfieldthe hide-and-seek game Hunt the Wumpus by Gregory Yoband the strategic war game Empire by Walter Bright. Expanded by Don Woods in with an emphasis on the high fantasy of J. TolkienAdventure established a new genre based around exploration and inventory-based puzzle solving that made the transition to personal computers in the late s.

While most games were created on hardware of limited graphic ability, one computer able to host more impressive games was the PLATO system developed at the University of Illinois. Intended as an educational computer, the system connected hundreds of users all over the United States via remote terminals that featured high-quality plasma displays and allowed users to interact with each other in real time.

Starting with top-down dungeon crawls like The Dungeon and The Game of Dungeonsmore commonly referred to today by their filenames, pedit5 and dndPLATO RPGs soon transitioned to a first-person perspective with games like MoriaOublietteand Avatarwhich often allowed multiple players to join forces to battle monsters and complete quests together.

Like Adventurethese games would ultimately inspire some of the earliest personal computer games. Byvideo games were well established in the U. That changed with the introduction of a new game developed in Japan. While video games had been introduced to Japan soon after hitting the United States, the Japanese arcade industry had remained primarily focused on electro-mechanical driving and shooting games and a type of slot machine called the "medal game" that accepted and paid out in medals instead of currency so as not to be classified as a gambling game.

Inthe arrival of Breakoutdistributed locally by the Nakamura Manufacturing Companyand the advent of table-top game units, pioneered by Taito, created new demand for video games in snack bars and tea houses.

Taito designer Tomohiro Nishikado decided to build on the popularity of Breakout by replacing the paddle in the game with a gun battery and the bricks in the game with rows of aliens that would descend line-by-line while firing at the player. Taito released this game in as Space Invaders.

Space Invaders introduced or popularized several important concepts in arcade video games, including play regulated by lives instead of a timer or set score, gaining extra lives through accumulating points, and the tracking of the high score achieved on the machine. It was also the first game to confront the player with waves of targets that would shoot back at the player and the first to include background music during game play, a simple four-note loop.

With its intense game play and competitive scoring features, Space Invaders became a national phenomenon as overinvader games—counting clones and knockoffs—entered Japanese game centers by the middle of While not quite as popular in the United States, Space Invaders became the biggest hit the industry had seen since the Great Depression as Midway, serving as the North American manufacturer, moved over 60, cabinets.

The one-two punch of Space Invaders and the Atari game Asteroidswhich moved 70, units and popularized the recording of multiple high scores in a table, resulted in video arcade games completely displacing pinball and other amusements to become the central attraction of not just the shopping mall arcade, but also a variety of street locations from convenience stores to bowling alleys to pizza parlors.

Many of the best-selling games of and such as GalaxianDefenderMissile CommandTempestand Galaga focused on shooting mechanics and achieving high scores. Starting with Pac Man inwhich sold 96, units in the United States, a new wave of games appeared that focused on identifiable characters and alternate mechanics such as navigating a maze or traversing a series of platforms.

Aside from Pac Man and its sequel, Ms. Meanwhile, the number of arcades—defined as any location with ten or more games—more than doubled between July and July from over 10, to just over 25, After the collapse of the dedicated console market infocus in the home shifted to the new programmable systems, in which game data was stored on ROM-based cartridges.

Fairchild semiconductor struck first in this market with the Channel F, but after losing millions in the digital watch business, the company took a conservative approach to the programmable console market and kept production runs of the system low. As a result, by the end ofFairchild had only sold aboutsystems.

Atari followed Fairchild into the market in and sold betweenandsystems that year. Magnavox joined the programmable market in with the Odyssey 2while toy company Mattel released the Intellivision inwhich had superior graphics to any of its competitors.

After both Atari and Fairchild made a strong showing inthe market hit a difficult patch in when retailers resisted building inventory, believing that the newly emerging electronic handheld market would displace video games. Atari, for example, manufacturedsystems, but proved unable to sell more thanto retail.

This helped precipitate a crisis at the company that saw co-founder and chairman Nolan Bushnell and president Joe Keenan forced out by Atari's parent company, Warner Communications, which had purchased Atari in largely on the potential of the VCS. Ultimately, home video games did well in the holiday season, and retailers proved more amenable to stocking them again in New Atari CEO Ray Kassar subsequently harnessed his company's leftover stock to help transform video game consoles into a year-round product rather than something just purchased by retailers for sale during the holiday season.

The real breakthrough for the home video game market occurred in when Atari released a conversion of the popular Space Invaders game for the VCS, which was licensed from Taito.

In the early days of the programmable market, all of the games for a given system were developed by the firm that released the console.

That changed in when four Atari programmers, seeking greater recognition and financial reward for their contributions, struck out on their own to form Activision, the first third-party developer. The company went on to develop a string of hits including Kaboom! Inanother group of Atari employees joined with ex-Mattel staff to form Imagic and experienced success with games like Demon Attack and Atlantis InAtari released a more advanced console based on its 8-bit computer line, the Atariwhich failed to perform as well as its predecessor.

That same year, Coleco returned to the video game market with a new console, the ColecoVision, that featured near-arcade-quality graphics and shipped with a port of the popular arcade game Donkey Kong. Coleco sold out its entire run ofunits in the holiday season as overall U. Ultimately, however, the rapid growth of the home console market could not be sustained, and the industry soon faced a serious downturn that nearly wiped it out.

While the fruit of retail development in early video games appeared mainly in video arcades and home consoles, home computers began appearing in the late s and were rapidly evolving in the s, allowing their owners to program simple games. Hobbyist groups for the new computers soon formed and PC game software followed. Early game designers like Crowther, Daglow and Yob would find the computer code for their games—which they had never thought to copyright—published in books and magazines, with their names removed from the listings.

Early home computers from AppleCommodoreTandy and others had many games that people typed in. Games were also distributed by the physical mailing and selling of floppy disks, cassette tapes, and ROM cartridges. Soon a small cottage industry was formed, with amateur programmers selling disks in plastic bags put on the shelves of local shops or sent through the mail. Richard Garriott distributed several copies of his role-playing video game Akalabeth: World of Doom in plastic bags before the game was published.

While some early s games were simple clones of existing arcade titles, the relatively low publishing costs for personal computer games allowed for bold, unique games. Following the success of the Apple II and Commodore PET in the late s, a series of cheaper and incompatible rivals emerged in the early s. This second batch included the Commodore VIC and 64 ; Sinclair ZX80ZX81 and ZX Spectrum ; NEC PCPCPC and PC ; Forex indian bank X1 and X ; and Atari 8-bit familyBBC MicroAcorn ElectronAmstrad CPCand MSX series.

These rivals helped to catalyze both the home computer and game markets, by raising awareness of computing and gaming through their competing advertising campaigns. The Sinclair, Acorn and Amstrad offerings were generally only known in Europe and Africa, the NEC and Sharp offerings were generally only known in Asia, and the MSX had a base in North and South America, Europe, and Asia, while the US-based Apple, Commodore and Atari offerings were sold in both the US and Europe.

Games dominated home computers' software libraries. A compendium of reviews of Atari 8-bit software used pages for games compared to for all others. The Commodore 64 was released to the public in August It found initial success because it was marketed and priced aggressively.

It had a BASIC programming environment, and advanced graphic and sound abilities for its time, similar to the ColecoVision console. It also used the same learning blogging for money tips controller ports popularized by the Atariallowing gamers to use their learning blogging for money tips joysticks with the system.

It would become the most popular home computer of its day in the USA and many other countries and the best-selling single computer model of all time internationally. At around the same time, the Sinclair ZX Spectrum was released in the United Kingdom and quickly became the most popular home computer in many areas of Western Europe—and later the Eastern Bloc —due to the ease with which clones could be produced.

In Sid Meier listed the IBM PC as one of the three most important innovations in the history of video games. The new color [22] Enhanced Graphics Adapter EGA display standard allowed its graphics to approach the quality seen in popular home computers like the Commodore However, the sound abilities of the AT were still limited to the PC speakerwhich was substandard compared to the built-in sound chips used in many home computers.

Also, the relatively high cost of the PC compatible systems severely limited their popularity in gaming. The Apple Macintosh also arrived at this time. It lacked the color abilities of the earlier Apple IIinstead preferring a much higher pixel resolution, but the operating system goldman option trade error for the graphical user interface GUI attracted developers of some games e.

Lode Runner even before color returned in with the Mac II. The arrival of the Atari ST jordanie stock market Commodore Amiga in was the start of a new era of bit machines.

This was a big jump ahead of most 8-bit home computers but still lagged behind platforms with built-in sound and graphics hardware like the Amiga. This caused an odd trend around '89—91 toward developing for a seemingly inferior machine. Visa forex converter while both the ST and Amiga were host to many technically excellent games, their time of prominence was shorter than that of the 8-bit machines, which saw new ports well into the s and even the s.

Dedicated sound cards started to address the issue of poor sound abilities in IBM PC compatibles in the late s. Ad Lib set an early de facto standard for sound cards inwith its card based on the Yamaha YM sound chip. This would last until the introduction of The only super profitable trading strategy binary options Labs ' Sound Blaster inwhich took the chip and added new features while remaining compatible with Ad Lib cards, and creating a new de facto standard.

However, many games would still support these and rarer things like the Roland MT and Disney Sound Source into the early s. The initial high cost of sound cards meant they would not find widespread use until the s.

Shareware gaming first appeared in the mids, but its big successes came in the s. Dial-up bulletin board systems were popular in the s, and sometimes used for online game playing. The earliest such systems were in the late binary option bonus no deposit 2016 system 0ne and early s and had a crude plain-text interface.

Later systems made use of terminal-control codes the so-called ANSI artwhich included the use of IBM-PC-specific characters not days australian stock market closed of an American National Standards Institute ANSI standard to get a pseudo-graphical interface. Some BBSs offered access to various games which were playable through such an interface, ranging from text adventures to gambling games like blackjack generally played for "points" rather than real money.

On good penny stocks november 2016 multiuser BBSs where more than one person could be online at oncethere were games allowing users to interact with one another. SuperSet Software created Snipesa text-mode networked computer game in to test a new IBM Personal Computer —based computer network and demonstrate its abilities.

Snipes is officially credited as grameen bank on stock market the original inspiration for NetWare. It is believed to be the first network game ever written for a commercial personal computer and is recognized alongside game Maze War a networked simple trend trading system dean saunders maze game for several research machines and Spasim a 3D multiplayer space simulation for scalping method in forex shared mainframes as the precursor to multiplayer games such as 's MIDI Mazeand Doom in In iDoom later Kali.

Other services such as KahnTENMplayerand Heat. These services ultimately became obsolete when game producers began including their own online software such as Battle. The first user interfaces were plain-text—similar to BBSs— but they operated on large mainframe computers, permitting larger numbers of users to be online at once.

By the end of the decade, inline services had fully graphical environments using software specific to each personal computer platform. Popular text-based services included CompuServeThe Sourceand GEniewhile platform-specific graphical services included PlayNET and Quantum Link for the Commodore 64AppleLink for the Apple II and Macintoshand PC Link for the IBM Earn big money onyx medal —all of which were run by the company which eventually became America Online —and a competing service, Prodigy.

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Interactive games were a feature of these services, though until they used text-based displays, not graphics. InMilton Bradley Company released the first handheld system using interchangeable cartridges, Microvision. While the handheld received modest success in the first year of production, the lack of games, screen size and video game crash of brought about the system's quick demise.

Improving LCD technology meant the new handhelds could be more reliable and consume fewer batteries than LED or VFD games, most only needing watch batteries. Tiger Electronics borrowed this concept of videogaming with cheap, affordable handhelds and still produces games in forex trading brokers australia model to the present day.

At the end ofthe industry experienced a severe downturn. This was the "crash" of the video game industry. It bankrupted several companies that produced North American consoles and games from late to early It ended what is considered to be the second generation of console video gaming. Whilst a broken gaming industry in the US took several local businesses to bankruptcy and practically ended retail interest in video gaming products, an 8-bit third generation of video game consoles started in Japan as early as with the release of both Nintendo 's Family Computer "Famicom" and Sega 's SG on July The first clearly trumped the second in terms of commercial success in the country, causing Sega to replace it, two years later, by a severely improved and modernized version called the Sega Mark III.

In efforts to make the Famicom marketable in the US, Nintendo created a completely redesigned version of it, called the Nintendo Entertainment System NESto be sold in the country as a product unrelated to video gaming. For this same reason, the company also developed a toy robot accessory called the R. The NES was released on 18 October in the US, reviving the video game market in the country and proving successful to the American audience, peaking in popularity between and the early s.

The console was later released in other Western countries, but because of heavy competition from home computers such as the ZX SpectrumAmstrad CPC and Commodore 64and a lack of marketing, the NES was prevented from having as much success in Europe. The Sega Mark III, released to Western consumers as the Master System, dominated the markets of Europe, Oceania and Brazil, selling more than the NES in these regions. While Sega focused on unique gameplay experiences and innovative technology with Master System's superior technical properties which allowed better graphics, and accessories like LCD glassesNintendo focused on creating long and popular game franchises which often repeated the same features.

In this generation, the gamepad or joypad, took over for joystickspaddlesand keypads as the default game controller. The gamepad design of an 8 direction Directional-pad or D-pad for short with 2 or more action buttons became auto binary options 300 returns usa ea standard.

This generation also marked a shift in the dominance of home video game console hardware and console game production from the United States to Japan. The third console generation marked the debut of various high-profile role-playing franchises, such as The Legend of ZeldaDragon QuestPhantasy Star and Final Fantasythe latter of which financially saved Japanese developer Square.

InCapcom released Sweet Home on the NES, which served as a precursor to the survival horror genre. InNintendo published their first issue of Nintendo Power magazine. Computer Gaming World warned that computer gaming could become a "cultural backwater," similar to what had happened a few years earlier with 8-bit computers.

These were both based on the 8-bit computers of their manufacturers, and had only limited success due to a lack of software support and the arrival of bit machines. Amstrad's GX sold just over 15, units, with only 25 officially released game cartridges. Even though it was technically superior to the Master System and Nintendo Entertainment System, it was discontinued after 6 months. A bit generation of video game consoles starts in the late s.

The TurboGrafxnamed the PC Engine in Europe and Japan, debuted in as the first commercial bit game system. It had a large following in Japan, but, did poorly in North America and Europe because of its limited library of games and because of excessive distribution restrictions imposed by Hudson Soft. Nintendo responded with its own next generation system named the Super Nintendo Entertainment System SNESin This time was one of intense competition and not entirely truthful marketing. The TurboGrafx was billed as the metastock plugin amibroker bit system but its central processor was an 8-bit HuCwith only its HuC graphics processor being a true bit chip.

Also, the much earlier Mattel Intellivision contained a bit processor. Sega used the term "Blast Processing" throughout its marketing to describe the simple fact that their console's CPU ran at a higher clock speed than that of the SNES 7. In Japan, the PC Engine was a very successful competitor against the Famicom and a CD drive peripheral allowed it to fend off the Mega Drive inthough it never really caught on to the same degree outside Japan. The PC Engine eventually lost out to the Super Famicombut, due to its popular CD add-ons, retained enough of a user base to support new games well into the late s.

CD-ROM drives were introduced in this generation, as add-ons for the PC Engine in and the Mega Drive the great depression and the stock market Nintendo experimented with optical media formats for the SNES in a penny stock picks for tomorrow venture with Sonywho would go on to develop this concept into the PlayStation and rise to prominence as a major competitor to Nintendo and Sega.

SNK 's Neo-Geo was the most costly console by a wide margin when released inand would remain so for years. Its 2D graphics were of a quality years ahead of other consoles.

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The reason for this was that it contained the same hardware that was found in SNK's arcade games. This was the first time since the home Pong machines that a true-to-the-arcade experience could be had at home, but the system was commercially inviable.

This era also saw a revival of handheld consoleswhich were absent in the prior generation. Nintendo's Game Boya portable released in with monochromatic 2D graphics and hours battery life, became widely popular in the world and sold much more than its three competitors, the Atari Lynxthe Sega Game Gear and NEC's Turbo Expressreleased in Japan in North America until Despite these three consoles having how to make money with niche websites more sophisticated bit graphics similar to home consoles of the timegraphic resource consumed too much battery life, which contributed to their unpopularity.

The s were a decade of marked innovation in video gaming.

It was a decade of transition from raster graphics to 3D graphics and gave rise to several genres of video games including first-person shooterreal-time strategyand MMO. Handheld gaming began to become more popular throughout the decade, thanks in part to the release of the Game Boy in As arcade games declined, however, the home video game industry matured into a more mainstream form of entertainment in the s, but their video games also became more and more controversial because of their violent nature, especially in games of Mortal KombatNight Trapand Dooma few incredible benefits of using automated forex trading systems to the formation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and their rating games by signing them their ESRB ratings since Examples of this include Mark Hamill 's involvement with Wing Commander IIIthe introduction of QSound with nasdaq buys london stock exchange vs system boards such as Capcom 's CP System IIand the high production budgets of titles such as Squaresoft 's Final Fantasy VII and Sega 's Shenmue.

In North America, arcade games, which had seen a slow decline with the increase in popularity of home gaming, experienced a resurgence in the early-to-mids, with the release of Capcom 's Street Fighter II [33] popularizing competitive one-on-one fighting games and reviving the arcade industry to a level of popularity not seen since the days of Pac-Man.

Sports games such as NBA Jam also briefly became popular in arcades during this period. According to SCE's former producer Ryoji Akagawa and chairman Shigeo Maruyama, the PlayStation was originally forex trade fzco considered as a 2D -focused hardware, and it wasn't until the success of Virtua Fighter in the arcades that they decided to design the PlayStation as a 3D-focused hardware.

However, with the advent of and bit consoles in the mids, home video game consoles such as the Sega SaturnPlayStation and Nintendo 64 also became able to produce texture-mapped 3D graphics. Increasing numbers of players would wait for popular arcade games to be ported to consoles rather than pumping coins into arcade kiosks. Virtua Fighter 3 for the Sega Model 3for instance, stood out for having real-time 3D graphics approaching the quality of CGI full motion video FMV at the time.

Byhowever, Sega's new consolethe Dreamcastcould produce 3D graphics on-par with the Sega Naomi arcade machine. After producing the more powerful Hikaru board in and Naomi 2 inSega eventually stopped manufacturing custom arcade system boards, with their subsequent arcade boards being based on either consoles or commercial PC components. As patronage of arcades declined, many were forced to close down.

Classic coin-operated games have largely become the province of dedicated hobbyists and as a tertiary attraction for some businesses, such as movie theaters, batting cagesminiature golf courses, and arcades attached to game stores such as F. The gap left by the old corner arcades was partly filled by large amusement centers dedicated to providing clean, forex brokers outside using paypal environments and costly game control systems unavailable to home users.

These newer arcade titles offered games based on driving, sports like skiing or cycling, and rhythm games like Dance Dance Revolution and path-based shooting gallery games like Time Crisiswhich have taken a large part of the market.

Aimed at adults and older kids, they feature full service restaurants with full liquor bars and have a wide variety of video game and hands on electronic gaming options. Cheese's is a similar type fantasy stock market yahoo business for younger children. InNintendo released the Game Boythe first handheld game console since the ill-fated Microvision ten years before.

Included with the system was Tetriswhich became one of the best sold video games of all time and was ported to a large variety of systems. Several rival handhelds made their debut in the early 90s, including the Sega Game Gear and Atari Lynx the first handheld with color LCD display.

Although these systems were more technologically advanced, they were hampered by higher battery consumption and less third-party developer support. While some of the other systems remained in production until the mids, the Game Boyand its successive incarnations the Game Boy PocketGame Boy Color and Game Boy Advancewould be virtually unchallenged for dominance in the handheld market, until the PlayStation Portable was released in to compete with Nintendo's successor to the Game Boy line, the Nintendo DS.

The increasing computing power and decreasing cost of processors such as the IntelInteland Motorolacaused the rise of 3D graphicsand multimedia abilities through sound cards and CD-ROMs. Early 3D games began with flat shading graphics EliteStarglider 2 or Alpha Waves[38] and then simple forms of texture mapping such as in Wolfenstein 3D. Before the end of the decade, the evolution of the genre continued through graphical MUDs into the first massively multiplayer online role-playing games MMORPGswhich freed users from the limited number of simultaneous players in other games and brought persistent worlds to the mass market.

In the early s, shareware distribution was a popular method of publishing games for smaller developers, including then-fledgling companies such as Apogee now 3D RealmsEpic MegaGames now Epic Gamesand id Software.

Since the shareware versions were essentially free, the cost only needed to dma forex broker uk the disk and minimal packaging. As the increasing size of games in the mids made them impractical to fit on floppies, and retail publishers and developers began to earnestly mimic the practice, shareware games were replaced by shorter game demos often only one or two levelsdistributed free on CDs with gaming magazines and over the Internet.

Real-time strategy became a popular genre of computer games in the early 90s, with Dune II setting the standard game mechanics of many games since. Meanwhile, Alone in the Dark influenced the survival-horror genre with its action-adventure elements. It established the formula that would later flourish on CD-ROM—based consoles, with games such as Resident Evilwhich coined the name "survival horror" and popularized the genre, and Silent Hill.

Graphic adventure games continued to evolve during stock market short courses in the philippines period, with the creation of the point-and-click genre. Some of the genre's most prolific titles were being produced by Sierra Entertainment and LucasArts during the 90s, and What is the best bollinger bands settings and its sequels inspired a new style of puzzle-based adventure games.

It was in the s that Maxis began publishing its successful line of "Sim" gamesstarting with SimCityand continuing with a variety of titles, such as SimEarthSimCityand eventually The Simswhich was first released in early In3dfx Interactive released the Voodoo chipset, leading to the first affordable 3D accelerator cards for work from home 19401 computers.

These devoted 3D rendering daughterboards performed a portion of the computations and memory-handling required for more-detailed three-dimensional graphics mainly texture filteringallowing for more-detailed graphics than would be possible if the CPU were required to handle both game logic and all the graphical tasks. First-person shooters FPS were among the first to take advantage of this new technology.

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While other games would also make use of it, the FPS would become the main driving force behind the development of new 3D hardware, and the yardstick by which its performance would be measured, usually quantified as the number of frames per second rendered for a given scene in a given game.

Several other less mainstream genres were created in this decade. Looking Glass Studios ' Thief: The Dark Project and how much money do bands make on warped tour sequel were the first to coin the term "first person sneaker," [39] and the turn-based strategy progressed further, with the Heroes of Might and Magic series popularizing the thus far niche and complex genre.

Internet multiplayer ability became a de facto requirement in most FPS games since. Other genres also began to offer online play in the late 90s, including real-time strategy games as Age of Empiresthe Warcraft and StarCraft series, and turn-based games such as Heroes of Might and Magic.

Developments in web browser plug-ins like Java and Adobe Flash allowed for simple browser-based games. InAtari re-entered the home console market with the introduction of the Atari Jaguar. Also inThe 3DO Company released the 3DO Interactive Multiplayerwhich, though highly advertised and promoted, failed to catch up to the sales of the Jaguar, due to its high pricetag. Both consoles had very low sales and few quality games, eventually leading to their demise.

Inthree new consoles were released in Japan: The PlayStation quickly outsold all of its competitors mainly on the strength of its available titles, with the exception of the aging Super Nintendo Entertainment Systemwhich still had the support of many major game companies.

The Virtual Boy from Nintendo was released in as one of the first consumer consoles providing 3D surfear la ola forex perception, but did not achieve high sales, largely due to the monochrome display and the lack of third-party support. In the Virtual Boy was taken off the market. After many delays, during which Sony's PlayStation gained industry acceptance, Nintendo released its bit console, the Nintendo 64 in The console's flagship title, Super Mario 64became a defining title for 3D platformer games.

PaRappa the Rapper popularized music video fx option premium currency in Japan with its debut on the Binary options support resistance. Subsequent music and dance games like beatmania and Dance Dance Revolution became ubiquitous attractions in Japanese arcades.

While ParappaDDRand other games found a cult following when brought to North America, music games would not gain a wide audience in the market until the next decade with titles like Guitar Hero.

Also in Capcom released Resident Evilthe first well known survival horror game. It was a huge success selling over 2 million copies and is considered one of the best games on the PlayStation. Other milestone games of the era include Rare 's Nintendo 64 title GoldenEyewhich was critically acclaimed for bringing innovation as being the first major first-person shooter that was exclusive to a console, and for pioneering certain features that became staples of the genre, such as scopes, headshots, and objective-based missions.

Ocarina of Time for the Nintendo 64 is one of the most critically acclaimed games of all timeand is still the highest ranked game across all platforms on video game aggregator Metacritic. The title also featured many innovations such as Z-targetingwhich has persisted through subsequent Zelda titles on newer consoles and is commonly used in many other franchises today. Nintendo's choice to continue using ROM cartridges instead of moving to CD-ROMs for the Nintendo 64, unique among the consoles of this period, proved to have negative consequences for the console and for Nintendo's market share.

While cartridges had faster access times, were more durable and resistant to unlicensed copying, CDs could hold far more data MB, over ten times the capacity of the largest N64 ROM at 64MB and cost far less to produce, causing many game companies to turn to Nintendo's CD-based competitors.

Notably, Square Enixwhich had released all prior games in its Final Fantasy series for Nintendo consoles, now turned exclusively replacement stock for mossberg 930 spx the PlayStation; Final Fantasy VII was a massive success, establishing the popularity of role-playing video games in the west and making the PlayStation the primary console for the genre, taking the crown from Nintendo who had enjoyed it with the SNES and Square's then Nintendo-exclusive Final FantasySecret of Mana and Chrono Trigger titles.

Square would not return to Nintendo's main console platforms until with the GameCube and the cross-platform title Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles the only Square-published title for that consoleand has not, to date, released a "main series" Final Fantasy title for a Nintendo platform since FFVI for the SNES. Capcom also largely departed from Nintendo during the N64 days; the next 4 installments of its popular Mega Man 2D platform shooter were released on PlayStation and Saturn. Capcom was somewhat quicker and more eager to return than Square, however, providing two anthologies of Mega Man titles for the GameCubeincluding Mega Man 8 and Mega Man X that Nintendo players had missed.

By the end of this period, Sony had become the leader in the video game market. The Saturn was moderately successful in Japan but a commercial failure in North America and Europe, leaving Sega outside of the main competition. The N64 achieved huge success in North America and Europe, though it never surpassed PlayStation's sales or was as popular in Japan, and began to show a decline in third-party support for Nintendo's home consoles.

This generation ended with the discontinuation of the PlayStation known in its re-engineered form as the "PSOne" in March The fifth generation aim listed companies by market capitalisation most noted for the rise of fully 3D games. While there plugging in the consumer the adoption of electrically powered vehicles in the us games prior that had used three dimensional environments, such as Virtua Racing and Star Foxit was in this era that many game designers began to move traditionally 2D and pseudo-3D genres into full 3D.

Super Mario 64 and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time on the N64, Crash Bandicootand Spyro the Dragon on the PlayStation and Nights into Dreams Their 3D environments were widely marketed, and they steered the industry's focus away from side-scrolling and rail-style titles, and opened doors to more complex games and genres. Games like GoldenEyeOcarina of Time or Virtua Fighter were nothing like shoot-em-ups, RPGs or fighting games before them.

The N64 was the last major home console to use the cartridge format, although it persists to this day in handheld games on Nintendo and Sony devices using memory cards similar to Secure Digital SD cards.

Mobile phones began becoming video gaming platforms when Nokia installed Snake onto its line of mobile phones in Nokia Mobile phone games early on were limited by the modest size of the phone screens that were all monochrome, the very limited amount of memory and processing power on phones, and the drain on the battery.

The s decade showed innovation on both consoles and PCs, and an increasingly competitive market for portable game systems. The phenomena of user-created modifications or "mods" for games, one trend that began during the Wolfenstein 3D and Doom -era, continued into the start of the 21st century. The most famous example is that of Counter-Strike ; released init is still one of the most popular online first-person shooter, even though it was created as a mod for Half-Life by two independent programmers.

Eventually, game designers realized the potential of mods and custom content in general to enhance the value of their games, and so began to encourage its creation. Some examples of this include Unreal Tournamentwhich allowed players to import 3dsmax scenes to use as character models, and Maxis ' The Simsfor which players could create custom objects.

In China, video game consoles were banned in June This has led to an explosion in the popularity of computer games, especially MMOs. Consoles and the games for them are easily acquired however, as there is a robust grey market importing and distributing them across the country. Another side effect of this law has been increased copyright infringement of video games.

In the sixth generation of video game consoles, Sega exited the hardware market, Nintendo fell behind, Sony solidified its lead in the industry, and Microsoft developed their first gaming console.

The generation opened with the launch of the Sega Dreamcast in As the first console with a built-in modem for Internet support and online play, it was initially successful, but sales and popularity would start to fall.

This has been attributed to Sega's damaged reputation from the relative failures of the 32X and Saturn, copyright infringement, and the huge anticipation for the upcoming PlayStation 2.

The Dreamcast's library contains many titles considered creative and innovative, including the Shenmue series which are regarded as a major step forward for 3D open-world gameplay [43] and has introduced the quick time event mechanic in its modern form. The second release of the generation was Sony's PlayStation 2 PS2which featured DVD-based game discs with 4. The console was highly successful during the generation.

Nintendo followed a year later with the GameCube code-named "Dolphin" while in developmentthe company's first optical disc-based console. While it had the component-video ability of its contemporaries, the GameCube suffered in several ways compared to Sony's PS2.

First, the PS2's high anticipation and one-year head start gained it player and developer attention before the GCN's release. As a result, the GameCube had less third-party backing and very few third-party exclusives, mostly from Nintendo-faithful studios such as the now-defunct Rare and Midway Games.

Cross-platform giants like CapcomElectronic Arts and Activision released most of their GameCube titles on other consoles as well, while Square Enix released high-demand PS2 exclusives. The GCN's game disc capacity was a third that of the PS2's full-size DVD disks, forcing a few games to be released on multiple discs and most titles to compromise on texture quality and other features of GameCube games, when other platforms had no such limitations on their versions. It had no backward compatibility with the now-obsolete cartridges of the N It was a dedicated game console, with the optical drive being too small to hold a full-size CD or DVD.

Lastly, The GameCube was hindered by a not-undeserved reputation for being a "kid's console", due to its initial launch color scheme and lack of mature-content games which the current market appeared to want.

Though T- and M-rated titles did exist on the GameCube, the almost all GCN games were E-rated and mostly cartoon-style in their art design. Before the end ofMicrosoft Corporation, best known for its Windows operating system and its professional productivity software, entered the console market with the Xbox. Based on Intel's Pentium III CPU, the console used a great deal of PC technology to leverage its internal development, making games for PC easily portable to the Xbox.

To gain market share and maintain its toehold in the market, Microsoft reportedly sold the Xbox at a significant loss [45] and concentrated on drawing profit from game developing and publishing. Shortly after its release in November Bungie Studio's Halo: Combat Evolved instantly became the driving point of the Xbox's success, and the Halo series would go on to become one of the most successful console shooter franchises of all time.

By the end of the generation, the Xbox had drawn even with the Nintendo GameCube in sales globally, but since nearly all of its sales were in North America, it pushed Nintendo into third place in the American market. In Grand Theft Auto III was released, popularizing open world games by using a non-linear style of gameplay.

It was very successful both critically and commercially and is considered a huge milestone in gaming. It was also yet another set piece in the debate over video game violence and adult content, with advocacy groups decrying the series' glorification of prostitution, the mafia, and violence, including that against first responders such as police and EMS.

Nintendo still dominated the handheld gaming market during this period. The Game Boy Advancereleased inmaintained Nintendo's market position with a high-resolution, full-color LCD screen and bit processor allowing ports of SNES games and simpler companions to N64 and GameCube games. Finnish cellphone maker Nokia entered the handheld scene with the N-Gagebut it failed to win a significant following.

In JanuarySony announced that the PlayStation 2 had been discontinued worldwide, ending the sixth generation. One significant feature of this generation was various manufacturers' renewed fondness for add-on peripheral controllers. While alternative controllers weren't new Nintendo supported several for the NES and PC games have long supported driving wheels and aircraft joysticksconsole games built around them became some of the biggest hits of the decade.

Konami sold a soft-plastic mat version of its foot controls for its Dance Dance Revolution franchise in Sega came out with Samba de Amigo 's maraca controllers. Nintendo's bongo controller worked with a few games in its Donkey Kong franchise. Publisher RedOctane introduced Guitar Hero and its distinctive guitar-shaped controllers for the PlayStation 2. Meanwhile, Sony developed the EyeToy peripheral, a camera that could detect player movement, for the PlayStation 2.

This would further be developed into whole-body tracking technologies such as Sony's PlayStation Move and Microsoft's Kinect. As affordable broadband Internet connectivity spread, many publishers turned to online gaming as a way of innovating.

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games MMORPGs featured significant titles for the PC market like RuneScapeWorld of WarcraftEverQuestand Ultima Online. Historically, console-based MMORPGs have been few in number due to the lack of bundled Internet connectivity options for the platforms. This made it hard to establish a large enough subscription community to justify the development costs. The first significant console MMORPGs were Phantasy Star Online on the Sega Dreamcast which had a built in modem and aftermarket Ethernet adapterfollowed by Final Fantasy XI for the Sony PlayStation 2 an aftermarket Ethernet adapter was shipped to support this game.

Every major platform released since the Dreamcast has either been bundled with the ability to support an Internet connection or has had the option available as an aftermarket add-on.

Microsoft's Xbox also had its own online gaming service called Xbox Live. Xbox Live was a huge success and proved to be a driving force for the Xbox with games like Halo 2 that were highly popular. In the early s decademobile games had gained mainstream popularity in Japanese mobile phone cultureyears before the United States or Europe.

Bya wide variety of mobile games were available on Japanese phones, ranging from puzzle games and virtual pet titles that use camera phone and fingerprint scanner technologies to 3D games with PlayStation -quality graphics. Older arcade-style games became very popular on mobile phones, which were an ideal platform for arcade-style games designed for shorter play sessions. Namco began making attempts to introduce mobile gaming culture to Europe in Mobile gaming interest was raised when Nokia launched its N-Gage phone and handheld gaming platform in While about two million handsets were sold, the product line wasn't seen as a success and was withdrawn from Nokia's lineup.

Meanwhile, many game developers had noticed that more advanced phones had color screens and enough memory and processing power to do reasonable gaming. Mobile phone gaming revenues passed 1 billion dollars inand passed 5 billion dollars inaccounting for a quarter of all videogaming software revenues. More advanced phones came to the market such as the N-Series smartphone by Nokia in and the iPhone by Apple in which strongly added to the appeal of mobile phone gaming.

In Nokia didn't revise the N-Gage brand, but published a software library of games to its top-end phones. At Apple's App Store inmore than half of all applications sold were iPhone games. Due to the debut of app stores created by Apple and Googleplus the low-cost retail price of downloadable phone apps, games available on smartphones increasingly rival the video game console market. Among the most successful mobile games of this period is Angry Birdswhich, released inreached 2 million downloads within one year.

Sincethe fast growing mobile market in African countries such as Nigeria and Kenya has also resulted in a growth in mobile game development. Local developers have taken advantage of the recent increase in mobile internet connection in countries where broadband is rarely available and console games are costly, though locally developed applications have difficulty competing against millions of western applications available on the Google Play Store [51] [52] [53].

The generation opened early for handheld consoles, as Nintendo introduced their Nintendo DS and Sony premiered the PlayStation Portable PSP within a month of each other in While the PSP boasted superior graphics and power, following a trend established since the mids, Nintendo gambled on a lower-power design but featuring a novel control interface. The DS's two screens proved extremely popular with consumers, especially young children and middle-aged gamers, who were drawn to the device by Nintendo's Nintendogs and Brain Age series respectively.

The PSP attracted a significant portion of veteran gamers in North America and was very popular in Japan, though a large portion of its visual novels and anime -based games have never been localized in the west. This combined allowed Nintendo to continue its dominance in handheld gaming. Nokia withdrew their N-Gage platform in but reintroduced the brand as a game-oriented service for high-end smartphones on April 3, In console gaming, Microsoft stepped forward first in November with the Xboxand Sony followed in with the PlayStation 3released in Europe in March Setting the technology standard for the generation, both featured high-definition graphics over HDMI connections, large hard disk-based secondary storage for save games and downloaded content, integrated networking, and a companion on-line gameplay and sales platform, with Xbox Live and the PlayStation Network respectively.

Both were formidable systems that were the first to challenge personal computers in power at launchwhile offering a relatively modest price compared to them. However, the slim model and the PlayStation Move controllers caused a massive recovery for PlayStation 3, and the console would soon outsell Xbox by In this generation, Nintendo not only secured its dominance in the handheld video game market, but also successfully regained total dominance on both the home video game market and the entire video game industry with the release of its home console, the Wii.

Nintendo took cues from PC gaming and their crafted games that capitalized on the intuitive nature of motion control. Emphasis on gameplay turned comparatively simple games into unlikely runaway hits, such as Wii Sportsand Wii Fit.

Many gamers, publishers, and analysts initially dismissed the Wii as an underpowered curiosity, but were surprised as the console sold out through the Christmas season, and remained so through the next 18 months, becoming the fastest selling game console in most of the world's gaming markets. As of Septemberthe Wii has sold The PSP Go was a newer, slimmer version of the PSP, which had the control pad slide from the base, where its screen covers most of the front side.

With high-definition video an undeniable hit with veteran gamers seeking immersive experiences, expectations for visuals in games along with the increasing complexity of productions resulted in a spike in the development budgets of gaming companies. While some game studios saw their Xbox projects pay off, the unexpected weakness of PS3 sales resulted in heavy losses for a few developers, and many publishers broke formerly arranged PS3 exclusivity arrangements or cancelled PS3 game projects entirely due to rising budgets.

Starting with PCs, a new trend in casual gameswith limited complexity and designed for shortened or impromptu play sessions, began to draw attention from the industry. Many were puzzle games, such as Popcap's Bejeweled and PlayFirst 's Diner Dashwhile others were games with a more relaxed pace and open-ended play. The biggest hit was The Sims by Maxiswhich went on to become the best selling computer game of all time, surpassing Myst.

Insocial network games began gaining mainstream popularity following the release of Happy Farm in China. Ina few cloud computing services were announced targeted at video games. These services allow the graphics rendering of the video games to be done away from the end user, and a video stream of the game to be passed to the user. OnLive allows the user to communicate with their servers where the video game rendering is taking place. The new decade has seen rising interest in the possibility of next generation consoles being developed in keeping with the traditional industry model of a five-year console life cycle.

However, in the industry there is believed to be a lack of desire for another race to produce such a console. On June 14,during E3, Microsoft revealed their new Xbox console referred to as the Xbox S or Slim. Microsoft made the unit smaller and quieter, while also installing a GB hard drive and built-in The Onlive cloud-based gaming system would be one of the first cloud gaming systems known in video game history. The Nintendo 3DS is a handheld video game console, revealed at Nintendo's E3 press conference.

Released in Japan in Februaryit was released worldwide less than a month later. It uses autostereoscopic 3D to produce a 3D effect on-screen. On January 27,the PlayStation Vita code-named Next Generation Portable, or NGP, during development [75] was announced.

It has a 5-inch OLED multi touch front screen and a rear touch pad, two analog sticks, 3G and WiFi connection, Sixaxis control and 3-axis electronic compass. The Wii U is a video game console from Nintendo.

Billed as the successor to the Wiiit was mentioned in statement released by Nintendo on April 25,that the company was planning to reveal it during E3 and that playable console units would be present as well.

The console released in North America on November 18, and in Europe, Australia and New Zealand on November 30,officially starting the "eighth generation" of video game consoles.

Features of the new console include HD graphics support on Wii U onlyand a controller, the Wii U GamePadwhich features a 6. The Wii U GamePad allows some games to be played without needing a TV set, through Off-TV Play.

Most peripheral hardware from its predecessor, the Wii, such as the Wii Remote and Wii NunchukClassic Controller and Wii Balance Board are confirmed to work with the new console, and the console is backward compatible with all Wii and Virtual Console titles.

The Wii U discontinues backward-compatibility support for GameCube discs and controllers, which also means that Wii games that support the GameCube's controller will instead require use of an alternate control scheme such as the Classic Controller when playing them on the Wii U. The Wii U also has its own more conventional controller, the Wii U Pro Controllerwhich resembles an Xbox controller in form and function and is compatible with most Wii U and Virtual Console titles, but not original Wii games.

The console is available in two sets. The basic set includes the Wii U console with 8 GB of internal memory, the Wii U GamePad, an AC adapter, an HDMI cable and the Wii Sensor Bar. The Deluxe set includes all of the items in the basic set, but it has 32 GB of internal memory instead of only 8 GB and is bundled with a GamePad charging cradle, stands for the GamePad and the console, as well as Nintendo Land.

On November 30,the Wii U was released in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. A sensor bar is not included in the Basic set in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. The PlayStation 4 or PS4 is a video game console from Sony Computer Entertainment. Billed as the successor to the PlayStation 3, the PlayStation 4 was officially announced at a press conference on February 20, The fourth home console in Sony's PlayStation series, it was launched on November 15, in North America and on November 29, in Europe, and was launched on February 22, in Japan.

Moving away from the Cell architecture, the PlayStation 4 is the first in the Sony series to feature compatibility with the x86 architecture, specifically x, which is a widely used platform common in many modern PCs.

The idea is to make video game development easier on the next-generation console, attracting a broader range of developers large and small. These changes highlight Sony's effort to improve upon the lessons learned during the development, production and release of the PS3.

Other notable hardware features of the PlayStation 4 include 8 GB of GDDR5 RAM memory and a faster Blu-ray drive. The Xbox One is a video game console from Microsoft. Billed as the successor to the Xboxthe Xbox One was officially announced at a press conference on May 21, Microsoft had intended to implement strict controls over game resale and DRM controls, but later reversed its decision due to public backlash.

It is the third home console in Microsoft's Xbox series [80] and launched on November 22, in North America, United Kingdom, Spain, Mexico, Italy, Ireland, Germany, France, Canada, Brazil, Austria, New Zealand and Australia. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages. Early history of video games Early mainframe games Golden age of arcade video games North American video game crash of History of Eastern role-playing video games History of Western role-playing video games History of online games History of massively multiplayer online games.

List of video games in development Timeline of arcade video game history. Early history of video games. Arcade game and First generation of video game consoles. Golden age of arcade video games. Second generation of video game consoles. History of massively multiplayer online games. North American video game crash of Third generation of video game consoles. Fourth generation of video game consoles. An original synthesized chiptune composition imitating early video game music.

Fifth generation of video game consoles.

Sixth generation of video game consoles. Seventh generation of video game consoles. Casual gameSocial network gameand Mobile game. Eighth generation of video game consoles. What Is a Video Game? The Video Game Explosion. Encyclopedia of Video Games. A History of the Information Machine, 3rd Edition. A History of Modern Computing, 2nd Edition. Computer Games in the s". Retrieved December 17, The History of Video Games.

The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society. The Computer Conservation Society Retrieved April 23, Graves, Ltd December The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software Retrieved July 7, However, the IBM BIOS does not support this mode, and the IBM Technical Reference documents do not explain it, so many game developers may have been unaware of it. Nonetheless, it was used in some games, notably the Sierra On-Line AGI games, which include King's QuestSpace Quest: The Sarien Encounterand Space Quest II: The IBM Technical Reference for the EGA cautions that display distortions may occur if the palette registers are changed at any time other than during vertical blanking, but even accepting this constraint, color temporal effects such as fades or palette rotations cycling are possible.

Further, careful manipulation of the palette registers during horizontal blanking may be able to avoid visible side-effects. Static EGA displays with 64 colors on screen have been demonstrated. Retrieved September 20, Archived from the original PDF on February 14, Retrieved February 14, Archived from the original on August 4, Retrieved December 4, The Changing Role of Computer Game Designers".

I'm sure you've noticed that I've made no reference to the Nintendo craze that has repeated the Atari and Mattel Phenomenon of 8 years ago. That's because for American game designers the Nintendo is a non-event: Only the future will tell if the design process ever crosses the Pacific as efficiently as the container ships and the letters of credit now do.

The 1st Issue of Nintendo Power Magazine! Retrieved March 10, Videogame Makers Propose Ratings Board to Congress". Retrieved April 20, Archived from the original on April 12, Retrieved January 19, Retrieved October 13, Computer and Video Games Retrieved September 24, Retrieved May 28, The Globe and Mail.

Retrieved August 20, Five genre-defining games that didn't get their due". Retrieved April 1, Retrieved July 18, Retrieved September 22, The Birth of Kenya's Game Industry". Archived from the original on 11 June Retrieved 30 January Retrieved September 29, Sales Data - Hardware and Software Sales Units".

Archived from the original on January 3, Retrieved March 15, Happy Farm ". The 15 Most Influential Games of the Decade. Retrieved September 10, Archived from the original on November 2, Retrieved May 6, Chinese Indie Game Trends and Opportunities". How Facebook Games Harvest Big Bucks". Retrieved September 12, Archived from the original on May 1, Archived from the original on March 24, Archived from the original on January 27, Retrieved July 27, Rearden Studios introduces OnLive game service and 'microconsole ' ".

Retrieved March 25, Retrieved May 26, Retrieved May 13, Retrieved May 22, Archived from the original on August 17, Retrieved August 7, Retrieved November 1, History of video games.

Arcade game history Golden age of arcade video games Timeline of arcade video game history Video game console history North American video game crash of PC game history Early mainframe games.

First — Second — Third — Fourth — Fifth — Sixth — Seventh — Eighth —. Action game history Action-adventure game history Adventure game history History of role-playing video games Sports game history Strategy video game history. Australia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Canada China Colombia Czech Republic Finland France Germany Ghana India Ireland Lithuania Japan Kenya Malaysia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Philippines Russia South Africa South Korea Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom United States.

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General Early history of video games Early mainframe games Golden age of arcade video games North American video game crash of Consoles 1st generation — 2nd generation — 3rd generation — 4th generation — 5th generation — 6th generation — 7th generation — 8th generation —. Genres History of Eastern role-playing video games History of Western role-playing video games History of online games History of massively multiplayer online games. Lists List of video games in development Timeline of arcade video game history.

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